- 'Bullet for democracy': Trump returns to site of rally shooting
- Italy targets climate activists in 'anti-Gandhi' demo clampdown
- South Korean cult-horror series 'Hellbound' returns at BIFF
- Nepalis fear more floods as climate change melts glaciers
- Honduras arrests environmentalist's alleged murderer
- Padres pitcher Musgrove needs elbow surgery
- Supreme Court lets stand rules to curb mercury, methane emissions
- Boston beat Denver in NBA exhibition season opener, but Jokic says omens are good
- Chagos diaspora angry at lack of input on islands' fate
- Biden says 'not confident' of peaceful US election
- US trade chief defends tariff hikes when paired with investment
- Lukaku stars as Napoli beat Como to hold Serie A top spot
- Ohtani set for MLB playoff debut as Dodgers face Padres
- Pogba's drug ban cut to 18 months from four years
- Devine leads New Zealand to big win over India in Women's T20 World Cup
- Bosnia floods kill 16 people
- EU court blocks French ban on vegetable 'steak' labelling
- Prosecutors seek dismissal of rape charges against French rugby players
- Meta AI turns pictures into videos with sound
- Bolivia's Morales says claims he raped a minor are a 'lie'
- MLB Reds hire two-time champion Francona as manager
- Daniel Maldini receives first Italy call-up for Nations League
- US dockworkers return to ports after three-day strike
- Ancelotti points finger at Madrid's 'lack of intensity'
- Haiti reeling after 70 killed in gang attack
- Five Czech kids in hospital over TikTok 'piercing challenge'
- What happens next in Iran-Israel conflict?
- Country star Garth Brooks denies rape accusations
- Stubbs hits maiden century as South Africa make 343-4 against Ireland
- DR Congo to begin mpox vaccination campaign Saturday in east
- Odegaard injury has forced Arsenal to be 'different', says Arteta
- Ratcliffe refuses to guarantee Ten Hag's Man Utd future
- Meta must limit data use for targeted ads: EU court
- Mauritius to hold legislative election on November 10
- Britain qualify for America's Cup final after 60-year wait
- IMF asks Sri Lanka to protect hard-won gains
- Morata returns to Spain Nations League squad after injury
- Irish regulator to probe Ryanair use of facial recognition
- Public allowed to see video evidence in France mass rape trial
- US hiring soars past expectations in sign of resilient market
- Under-fire Ten Hag 'together' with Man Utd hierarchy
- Guardiola talks of Man City love affair as financial hearing rumbles on
- De Bruyne out of Belgium Nations League squad
- Japanese trainer Yahagi hopes Shin Emperor achieves 50-year-old Arc dream
- UK's Starmer hails 'landmark' carbon capture funding
- As EU targets Chinese cars, European rivals sputter
- Bosnia floods kill 14 people
- Tennis world number one Swiatek splits with coach Wiktorowski
- Liverpool share responsibility for Nunez goal drought, says Slot
- Top EU court finds against FIFA in key transfer market ruling
Climate, poverty collude to torment Central America
Every time it rains, Blanca Arias in El Salvador and Sandra Ramos in Honduras fear that flooding will raze their precarious homes and leave their families destitute. Again.
It is a fate that strikes all too often in parts of Central America and, experts say, ever more frequently and severely due to climate change.
Corruption, crumbling infrastructure, uncontrolled urbanization and poverty -- which afflicts 60 percent of Central America's 50 million inhabitants -- all combine to leave more and more people exposed to natural disasters.
And the region has many: from volcanic eruptions, drought and heat waves to regular flooding brought on by tropical storms and hurricanes.
In July this year, Tropical Storm Bonnie unleashed a downpour on San Salvador, flooding Arias's humble dwelling and many others built in a ravine in the capital's southeast.
Her house was left "in ruins," Arias told AFP, and she lost everything she needs for her artisanal ice cream business.
"We have nowhere to go," the 58-year-old said.
In neighboring Honduras, 22-year-old Ramos lives in a state of constant nervousness on the banks of the Ulua River.
"A little while ago, a fortnight ago, we were scared because they announced a very strong hurricane. We went to look at the river, the river filled up ... some of it drained into the valley.
"All of this alarms us, because we are in a risk zone and we cannot be at ease," she said.
- Vicious cycle -
When both Hurricane Eta and Iota hit in October 2020, Ramos said her entire settlement became flooded.
"All the houses were lost, we lost everything."
The UN's Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean estimates that the hurricane duo caused damage exceeding $2 billion in Honduras alone.
In 2021, according to a World Food Programme report, more than 8.4 million people in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua were in a food "crisis" due to conflict, economic shocks resulting from the coronavirus epidemic, and extreme weather events.
It is a vicious cycle.
"Poverty makes the same people look for the cheapest areas to live in and those are usually the most vulnerable zones," Ricardo Navarro, president of the CESTA environmental NGO told AFP.
The areas of Central America most exposed to tropical cyclones are on the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, both stretching almost 3,000 kilometers (some 1,800 miles) in length, and heavily populated.
Experts regularly warn of the danger of high-density settlements in high-risk areas.
In some areas of Nicaragua, for example, "there was a time when rivers shrunk and people built (homes) in their beds or very close to the rivers which, of course, returned to their normal flow," said Janett Castillo, of the Nicaraguan National Risk Management Board (MNGR).
"Nature reclaims the space that humans invade," added Magdalena Cortez of the Salvadoran risk-management NGO MPGR, who said that to minimize risk, "we must respect nature."
Despite the many disasters afflicting the region, "civil protection systems have been weakened" by government neglect, said Guido Calderon of the Cociger risk management NGO in Guatemala.
Every time there is an event, the systems mobilize for a rapid response, "and then leave those affected abandoned," he said.
- 'Uncontrolled exploitation' -
Back in Honduras, Jose Ramon Avila of the NGO coalition ASONOG said the vulnerability exposed by Hurricane Mitch in 1998 -- which was the country's worst-ever natural disaster with more than 5,000 deaths -- has only become worse with "uncontrolled exploitation of forests" ever since.
Flooding has worsened due to a changing climate, said Avila, with "abundant rainfall in shorter periods, which in turn saturates the soil" that would normally absorb the excess water.
According to a 2021 report of the Inter-American Development Bank, a total of 81 weather disasters killed 26,887 people in Honduras between 1970 and 2019.
In some areas, the country has sought to deal with the threat by building stone-and-soil dikes.
But when Hurricane Eta hit, even those barriers were overwhelmed, remembered Ramos.
After the water receded, she and her neighbors returned and settled in makeshift huts, slowly rebuilding their lives, but with no faith left in the dikes.
Now, every time a storm is forecast, they get ready to leave.
"We can lose the little we have collected -- the animals, even our lives," Ramos said.
F.Carias--PC